As a result, women as a group lack the same level of cultural power as men. [47] Tax credits such as the Earned Income Tax Credit in the US can also decrease income inequality. The children of her wife remain her responsibility and they are not shunned. They also face much discrimination from doctors, police, and other authority groups. You’ve given the example of “producing milk.” Well, not all mothers are able to lactate, for starters, and not all women are mothers. Cheers, The social construct theory of gender is one of the best examples of circular reasoning I’ve ever encountered: Kindle Edition. Men in general are paid better than women; they enjoy more sexual and social freedom; and they have other benefits that women do not by virtue of their gender. Hi William, These arrangements continue in the present-day and can be ideal for young single mothers who need security. To answer your muddled statements, there is no such thing as “obscure societies.” All societies are equally valid. I wrote about the “Two Spirit” People found amongst the Navajo Native American cultures, who make up two additional genders: the feminine man (nádleehí) and masculine woman (dilbaa). Masculinity became strongly tied to ideas of Western European ideals of “rationality” and controlled emotions. income levels can be roughly half as high as those experiences by white demographics, and this inequity is accompanied by systematically unequal access to education, career opportunities, and poverty relief. . I believe that that is inaccurate, at least to some extent. some of your ideas from this piece in an essay I am writing. The women do not have sexual relations, it is more of a family and economic arrangement. A lot of research has been done about the effects of economic inequality on different aspects in society: According to Christina Starmans et al. On the topic of gender identity, im very curious as to how experiences of sexual trauma affect the development of gender identity. what if this boy is also very feminine and gay, which from the outside would make him seem like a “typical” feminine girl? Premise 2: Western and industrialized societies practice binary gender Some women cannot breastfeed for a variety of reasons, whether it be their child’s suckling technique, or complications with their bodies. So, I get that gender is socially constructed, but I think that there must be some sort of gender consciousness that causes a human consciousness to see itself in terms of gender, as a man, woman, or in between. By 1991, it was eighty-six to one. (2014) ‘Sociology of Gender,’ The Other Sociologist, 28 November. Best wishes, Zuleyka. [90][91] Many factors constrain economic inequality – they may be divided into two classes: government sponsored, and market driven. Definitions like this are very modern and creating too many labels is just unscientific nonsense. Similarly, there is wide variation in how societies organise combat, with women often taking on such “warrior” roles, from military leaders such as Ahhotep I and Hatshepsut in the 17th and 15th Centuries, to The Lady of Yue and Huang Guigu in the 5th and 3rd Centuries, to the Tausug women in the Southern Philippines when their communities were being invaded, to women who work in wrestling and combat sports in the present day, and many groups in between. The degree to which colonizers stratified their holdings on the continent on the basis of race has had a direct correlation in the magnitude of disparity experienced by nonwhites in the nations that eventually rose from their colonial status. American and British estimates are no more exact. It is about your understanding of your social experiences, including socialisation, cultural norms, behaviours, embodied preferences, and other ideas. My commenting policy has all the answers you seek. There are various other examples of cultures and religions where gender is done in alternative ways which recognise genders beyond the binary of male/female. [21] A 2017 report by the IPS said that three individuals, Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, own as much wealth as the bottom half of the population, or 160 million people, and that the growing disparity between the wealthy and the poor has created a "moral crisis", noting that "we have not witnessed such extreme levels of concentrated wealth and power since the first gilded age a century ago. Intersexuality describes variations on sex definitions related to ambiguous genitalia, gonads, sex organs, chromosomes or hormones. https://plus.google.com/110211166837239446186/posts/7Ujcek5Auov. Absolutely great, thanks again! It is not “rude” to point out transphobia, least of all not on a sociology blog dedicated to addressing the otherness of minority groups. Sex roles have converged across many (though not all) cultures due to colonial practices and also due to industrialisation. Alternatively, they see themselves as transgender women; and others still see themselves as a “third sex.” Monarchy rule and resistance to external colonialism led to an aggressive modernisation campaign that made traditional Kathoey gender practices more difficult. Its not a gradient its not a spectrum, it is completely made up entirely. "[9], A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. ", Hoffman, Philip T., et al. [147], A 2017 study in the Journal of Political Economy by Daron Acemoglu, James Robinson and Thierry Verdier argues that American "cutthroat" capitalism and inequality gives rise to technology and innovation that more "cuddly" forms of capitalism cannot. He isn’t even transphobic. Notice that most of these often-heard sayings directed at boys and men use femininity and heterosexism as insults. Transphobia is the antithesis of this blog. I’m sorry but you’re being close minded, he did add to the discussion but because you LABELED him as transphobic, his post doesn’t even matter. Women policing gender are actually doing the work of patriarchy (same goes for men who police gender). Protection under the law should be priority #1 compared to nuanced identity, that kind of talk is really for college dorm rooms rather than on a broad political scale, as it focuses on intangible philosophy not particularly medically relevant. I’m afraid your colleague has an outdated view of the term gender dysphoria, which has evolved and changed in the psychological literature. And I think you are being overly deffensive where you don’t need to be. There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives. Inequality trends have been more mixed in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs), with some countries experiencing declining inequality, but pervasive inequities in access to education, health care, and finance remain. Gender = defined by social meaning, including individual expression and experiences. But I wonder, what was the beginning of this social construction. Inequality is also said to be able to solve the problems of free-riders, cheaters and ill-behaving people, although this is heavily debated. [27] The United Nations Development Programme in 2014 asserted that greater investments in social security, jobs and laws that protect vulnerable populations are necessary to prevent widening income inequality. I see these social constructs as being obsolete and the root of the problem—as the foundation that gives rise to social injustice, and often in a vain attempt to address it. [12], According to PolitiFact, the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined. Yet in this pastoral culture, the men’s elaborate make-up, dress and behaviour are a show of virility. ", This page was last edited on 7 March 2021, at 08:57. Giving any more air time to transphobic apologists is not part of these aims. This was such thorough and helpful information. [citation needed], Andranik Tangian argues that the growing productivity due to advanced technologies results in increasing wages' purchase power for most commodities, which enables employers underpay workers in "labor equivalents", maintaining nevertheless an impression of fair pay.
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