"[31] Karl Radek likened her her to a Valkyrie. "They overdid vigilance," bitterly wrote Kollontai in her diary, as she prepared, "trembling", to tell her half-sister the terrible news (Farnsworth [2010], p. 960). Under Communism, both men and women would work for, and be supported by, society, not their families. Preface to the Book Society and Motherhood, The First Steps Towards the Protection of Motherhood, V.I. 1921: Theses on Communist Morality in the Sphere of Marital Relations Chapter 3: "The Struggle for Political Rights" (quotation from, International Socialist Congress, Copenhagen 1910, Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, Third Congress of the Communist International, General Secretary of the Central Committee, Bolsheviks' Central Committee that had led the October Revolution, Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, The Menshivic, Bolshevik, Stalinist feminist, "Дипломат Александра Коллонтай глазами внука", "Speech in Discussion of the Policies of the Russian Communist Party July 5, 1921", "Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II", "The Menshivik, Bolshevik, Stalinist feminist", "О БЫТЕ:МОЛОДЕЖЬ И ТЕОРИЯ „СТАКАНА ВОДЫ"", Alexandra Kollontai – the Soviet Ambassador, The Nobel Peace Prize: Revelations from the Soviet Past, "St-Petersbourg workers of the textile industry,", Newspaper clippings about Alexandra Kollontai, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&oldid=1010316990, Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members, Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Norway, Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Mexico, Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Sweden, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, SKBL template using Wikidata property P4963, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "The Attitude of the Russian Socialists,", This page was last edited on 4 March 2021, at 21:48. 265 e 270). Marxist Archive 1923: Make way for Winged Eros: A Letter to Working Youth 1921: Workers’ Opposition She was the most prominent woman in the Soviet administration and was best known for founding the Zhenotdel or "Women's Department" in 1919 . Kollontai stayed primarily in Norway until 1917, traveling twice to United States to speak about war and politics[23] and to renew her relationship with her son Mikhail, for whom she had arranged in 1916 to avoid conscription by going to the United States to work on Russian orders from U.S. A female Soviet diplomat in the 1930s with unconventional views on sexuality, probably inspired by Kollontai, had been played by Greta Garbo in the movie Ninotchka (1939). Her mother bitterly scoffed at the notion: You work! 1920: Communism and the Family [26] Following the July uprising against the Provisional Government, she was arrested along with many other Bolshevik leaders, but was given again her full freedom of movement in September: she was then a member of the party's Central Committee and as such she voted for the policy of armed uprising that led to the October Revolution. Image Gallery [f], After the Eleventh Congress, Kollontai became a political outcast. In May 1879, he was called back to St. Petersburg. 1916: The Statue of Liberty [12] Instead, Alexandra was to be allowed to take an exam to gain certification as a school teacher before making her way into society to find a husband, as was the custom.[12]. This important work on Lenin’s life and times, and his revolutionary thought and practice, produced by a major figure on the international Left, is what some might term “a literary event.” [6] Russian opera singer Yevgeniya Mravina (stage name) was Kollontai's half-sister via her mother. 1909: The Social Basis of the Women’s Question 1917: Why the Bolsheviks Must Win B etween April and June 1921, on the eve of the Third Congress of the Communist International, Alexandra Kollontai delivered fourteen lectures at Sverdlov University on Women’s Labour in the Evolution of the Economy. Kollontai's views on the role of marriage and the family under Communism were arguably more influential on today's society than her advocacy of "free love. [c] Through this library Kollontai met Elena Stasova, an activist in the budding Marxist movement in St. Petersburg. In 1911, while abruptly breaking off her long-term relationship with her faction comrade Petr Pavlovich Maslov [ru] (1867–1946), an agrarian scientist, she started a love affair with another fellow exile, Alexander Gavrilovich Shliapnikov. At the time of the split in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between the Mensheviks under Julius Martov and the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin in 1903, Kollontai did not side with either faction at first, and "offered her services to both factions". [citation needed]. [45] The following words she allegedly pronounced in a private conversation with her friend Marcel Body [fr] in 1929 give a suggestion of her attitude towards advancing Stalinism: "Everything's changed so much. Movements for the right to abortion in Ireland, Argentina and Poland; the global women’s march against Trump; and the feminist strike in Spain: a new generation is entering the political arena to fight against the […] In 1943, she was promoted to the title of ambassador to Sweden. In early 1924, Kollontai was first promoted to Chargé d'affaires and from August to Minister Plenipotentiary. Library, International Socialist Conferences of Women Workers, Introduction to “The Social Basis of the Women’s Question”. 1916: Working Woman and Mother At the opening of the Tenth Party Congress, in March 1921, Angelica Balabanoff saw Kollontai talking to a French communist when "Lenin entered at a brisk pace. 19 March] 1872 in St. Petersburg. Alexandra Kollontai his personal life beginning with a “Swedish family”. Marxism might be regarded as having been conspicuously absent from the development of the study of sexuality and the politics of sexual identity and orientation since the 1970’s. [22], With the onset of World War I in 1914, Kollontai left Germany due to the German social democrats' support of the war. eBooks for Kollontai | Alexandra Kollontai was a Marxist revolutionary, first as a member of the Mensheviks, then from 1915 on as a Bolshevik (later Communist). The last few years have seen a revival of the fight against the oppression of women on an international scale. The couple appeared quite oddly assorted: she was a Menshevik intellectual, of noble origins, thirteen years older than him; he was a self-taught metalworker from provincial Russia and a Bolshevik leading exponent of some prominence. Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (Russian: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й , née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; 31 March [O.S. 1918: The First Steps Towards the Protection of Motherhood From 1922 on, she was appointed to various diplomatic posts abroad, serving in Norway, Mexico and Sweden. A common myth describes her as a proponent of the "glass of water" theory of sexuality. [45] Notwithstanding, it should also be pointed out that, even so, Kollontai did not enjoy a full liberty of action and had to worry about the possible fates of her family. Kollontai and the Marxist critique of love under capitalism Lenin, Trotski and Kollontai with Graziadei, Serrati and other members of the Italian delegation. Their romantic relationship came to an end in July 1916, but evolved thereafter into a long-lasting friendship as they wound up sharing many of the same general political views. 1920: Communism and the Family (more complete version) "[30] Leon Trotsky was equally hostile to her, writing in his memoirs that "nothing was revolutionary enough for her...She waged many a battle against the 'Lenin-Trotsky' regime, only to bow most movingly later on to the Stalin regime. Jenny Morrison writes that "she lived the last 20 years of her life in constant fear of assassination or imprisonment". In the latter half of 1922 she wrote a "personal letter" to the newly appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee and her recent inquisitor, Joseph Stalin, asking to be sent on a mission abroad. 1911: Love and the New Morality Why was the German proletariat silent in the July Days? Exiled from Russia in 1908, Kollontai toured Western Europe and the United States and advocated against participation in the First World War. 1917: Lenin at Smolny She was the only member of the Bolsheviks' Central Committee that had led the October Revolution who managed to live into the 1950s, other than Stalin himself and his devoted supporter Matvei Muranov. 1921: Prostitution and ways of fighting it She was a champion of women's liberation and an advocate of free love, and later came to be recognized as a key figure in Marxist feminism. 1921: The Labour of Women in the Evolution of the Economy To record the contradictions within the life and writings of Alexandra Kollontai is to reclaim a largely unidentified part of Marxist feminist history that attempted to extend Engel's and Bebel's analysis of women's oppression but eventually went further to expose the inadequacy of prevalent Marxist feminist history and practice in analysing the woman's question. For other uses, see, Political retreat and attitude toward Stalinism, Alexandra Kollontai's original family name has been variously, "The library loaned maps, globes, textbooks, and other materials to groups meeting in various parts of the city and sent out illegal populist and Marxist tracts under the cover of the legal activity. She then paid a visit to England, where she met members of the British socialist movement, including Sidney and Beatrice Webb. A Marxist committed to organizing women workers, Kollontai argued that women’s subordination was anchored in economic conditions; that is, in the conditions of “the production and reproduction of immediate life,” to use Frederick Engels’ formulation [1]. Alexandra Kollontai was a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and one of the organizers of the Great October Socialist Revolution in 1917. 1927: What has the October Revolution done for Women in the West? Talk:Alexandra Kollontai/Archive 1. Thus, when the feminists talk to working women about the need for a common struggle to realise some "general women’s" principle, women of the working class are naturally distrustful. Mama demanded this. factories. 19 March] 1872 – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and Marxist theoretician. 1917: Our Memorial to the Fighters for Freedom 1946: The Soviet Woman – a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country [4] Her father served as a cavalry officer in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) (sometimes referred to as the Bulgarian War of Independence). This is an early statement of what would become Marxist feminism. ", These "personal friends" were specially mentioned by Kollontai herself in the first draft of her, "Bolshevik leaders reacted to the difference in their ages like cackling village gossips," adds Simon Karlinsky (", F. Mitin (b. Serving as the People's Commissar for Welfare in Vladimir Lenin's gov In her speech, she bitterly attacked the New Economic Policy proposed by Lenin, warning that it 'threatened to disillusion workers, to strengthen the peasantry and petty bourgeoisie, and to facilitate the rebirth of capitalism'. [14] As such, she later served in Mexico (1926–27), again in Norway (1927–30) and eventually in Sweden (1930–45), where she was finally promoted to Ambassador in 1943. 1912: The International Proletariat and War Predictably, the appeal of the 22 was unsuccessful. Kollontai admonished men and women to discard their nostalgia for traditional family life. Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich was born on 31 March [O.S. In the 1880s he wrote a study of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. In 1919, Kollontai founded the Zhenotdel, which worked to improve the status of women in the Soviet Union. Kollontaï is the fashion brand of Gabrielle Tousignant.Our brand stands out for … The Soviet Woman – a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country, Madame Alexandra Kollontai and the Woman’s Movement. She created civil marriage, saved the USSR from the war with Sweden, but the merits did not save her from accusations of espionage and the legalization of prostitution. Her father, General Mikhail Alekseevich Domontovich[a] (1830–1902), descended from a Ukrainian family that traced its ancestry back to 13th-century[3] and Daumantas of Pskov. This generally accepted truth is not disputed even by our enemies. In 1915, she broke with the Mensheviks and became a member of the Bolsheviks. footnote 1 These were intended for women workers and peasants who were either members or close sympathizers of the Bolshevik Party. In 1898 she left little Mikhail with her parents to study economics in Zürich, Switzerland, with Professor Heinrich Herkner. She didn’t see the status of women, the structure of the family, or even love as somehow natural or given, as unchanging over time. 19 March] 1872 – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and Marxist theoretician. A Marxist committed to organizing women workers, Kollontai argued that women’s subordination was anchored in economic conditions; that is, in the conditions of “the production and reproduction of immediate life,” to use Frederick Engels’ formulation [1]. The most important and boldest fighter for women's liberation was Alexandra Kollontai. [5] This study was confiscated by the Tsarist censors, presumably for showing insufficient Russian nationalist zeal. On asking the publisher to make the changes requested, Kollontai apologized with obvious embarrassment, inviting repeatedly to debit her all expenses and writing twice that, under current circumstances, it was not absolutely possible "to do otherwise".[i]. 1915: The Third International (PDF) She was badly shaken by having teetered dangerously close to expulsion, and regarded the idea of being excluded from the 'revolutionary community of the elect' as a real 'nightmare'. Kollontai retired from diplomatic service in 1945 and died in Moscow in 1952. Kollontai is known for her advocacy of free love. There was order in everything: to tidy up toys myself, to lay my underwear on a little chair at night, to wash neatly, to study my lessons on time, to treat the servants with respect. [43] She was also a member of the Soviet delegation to the League of Nations. She was a champion of women's liberation, but she firmly believed that it "could take place only as the result of the victory of a new social order and a different economic system",[14] and has thus been regarded as a key figure in Marxist feminism. The resurgence of radicalism in the 1960s and the growth of the feminist movement in the 1970s spurred a new interest in the life and writings of Alexandra Kollontai all around the world. Alexandra Kollontai’s approach to political struggle was grounded in historical materialism, the Marxist approach to history. And, it has been noted, at the time she "was safe in her sumptuous Stockholm residence". Notes by MIA. Her marriage to Mravinsky was an arranged marriage which turned out to be unhappy, and eventually she divorced Mravinsky in order to marry Mikhail Domontovich, with whom she had fallen in love. This collection of personal and political letters is the single work which made me as much a feminist as a marxist in my early 20s, completing the job begun by Alexandra Kollontai. It is a well-known fact that the Soviet Union has achieved exceptional successes in drawing women into the active construction of the state. Emma Goldman Walking up to Alexandra Kollontai's interlocutor, he said to him angrily: "What you still speak to this individual? 1915: Who Needs the War? 1920: An Interesting Letter from Russia 1918: V.I. After her release, Kollontai traveled to Norway, where she at last found a socialist community that was receptive to her ideas. With a number of other Bolshevik women she became a leading fighter for the liberation of working class women from their double burden. Misha, however, died during the Second World War, probably in Stockholm, where he had sought his mother's nursing because he had fallen ill with heart disease (Clements, pp. But once the barrier is down and the bourgeois women have received access to political activity, the recent defenders of the "rights of all women" become enthusiastic defenders of the privileges of their class, content to leave the younger sisters with no rights at all. Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai Marxist revolutionary and theoretician, first as a member of the Mensheviks, then from 1915 on as a Bolshevik . Language; Watch; Edit; Active discussions < Talk:Alexandra Kollontai. Years later, she wrote about her marriage, "We separated although we were in love because I felt trapped. She became a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1899 at the age of 27. The daughter of an Imperial Russian Army general, Kollontai embraced radical politics in the 1890s and joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1899. Kollontai: a life of socialist struggle Alexandra Kollontai: a biography By Cathy Porter • Published by Merlin Books, 2014, £20 Reviewed by Heather Rawling. However, this does not mean that she advocated casual sexual encounters; indeed, she believed that due to the inequality between men and women that persisted under socialism, such encounters would lead to women being exploited, and being left to raise children alone. [6] Alexandra's mother, Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina (Massalina)[b] (1848–1899), was the daughter of Alexander Feodorovich Masalin (Massalin) (1809–1859), a Finnish peasant who had made a fortune selling wood. This is an early statement of what would become Marxist feminism. Being sent abroad in a sort of de facto exile for over twenty years, Kollontai gave up "her fight for reform and for women, retreating into relative obscurity"[44] and bowing to the new political climate. For my part, I have put my principles aside in a corner of my conscience and I pursue as best I can the policies they dictate to me". [g] Kollontai retired in 1945. Kollontai's first activities were timid and modest, helping out a few hours a week with her sister Zhenia[citation needed] at a library that supported Sunday classes in basic literacy for urban workers, sneaking a few socialist ideas into the lessons. Born in 1872 to an aristocratic family, she became an active Marxist in 1896, and joined the Bolsheviks in 1915. After his participation in the war, he was appointed Provisional Governor of the Bulgarian city of Tarnovo, and later Military Consul[definition needed] in Sofia. [34] When 'Kollontai attempted to speak before the Comintern Executive on 26 February 1922 on behalf of the views expressed in the appeal,' Trotsky and Zinoviev had her name removed from the list of orators and insisted that she should not take the floor. Following the 1917 February Revolution which ousted the Tsar, Kollontai returned to Russia. To mark International Women's Day 2010, Links International Journal of Socilalist Renewal reproduces Alexandra Kollontai's classic history and explanation of this important anniversary. You, who never picked up a needle! When she 'proved recalcitrant, Trotsky forbade her to speak and issued a decree, in the name of the CC, ordering all members of the Russian delegation to "obey the directives of the party".' M.I.A. She traveled across western Europe and became acquainted with Karl Kautsky, Clara Zetkin, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht,[d] among others. Nevertheless, despite subsequent misunderstandings with the former leaders of the Workers' Opposition and Kollontai's own resentment at their having renounced the pamphlet she had written to support the faction, on 5 July 1921 she tried again 'to help [them] by speaking on their behalf to the Third Congress of the Comintern'. In 1890 or 1891, Alexandra, aged around 19, met her cousin and future husband, Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai (9 July 1867 – July/August 1917), an engineering student of modest means enrolled at a military institute.
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