After four years of Allied occupation, the FRG was established in 1949. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognise the GDR de jure as a sovereign state under international law; while at the same time acknowledging that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. [25] The Town Planning Act (1971) encouraged the preservation of historical heritage and helped open up the way to the future of many German cities,[65] while the Urban Renewal Act (1971) helped the states to restore their inner cities and to develop new neighbourhoods. One courageous attorney, Fritz Bauer patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the Auschwitz concentration camp and about twenty were put on trial in Frankfurt in 1963. It is a On 31 May 1974, the heads of West German federal and state governments recommended always using the full name in official publications. [106] In July 1973, the 3rd Amendment to the Civilian Service Act came into force; "a prerequisite for the creation of additional civilian service places for recognized conscientious objectors". From 1982, Christian Democratic leader Helmut Kohl was chancellor in a coalition with the Liberals for 16 years. [107] The maximum amount for servicemen enlisting for at least 12 years was increased from DM 6,000 to DM 9,000,[108] and from October 1971 onwards, long-term personnel were paid grants towards the cost 'of attending educational institutes of the "second educational route" or participating in state-recognized general education courses provided by private correspondence schools and the "television college"'. In 1957, 77% of the West German Ministry of Justice's senior officials were former Nazi Party members. [28] From 1971, special subventions were provided to enable young farmers to quit farming "and facilitate their entry into the non-agricultural pension system by means of back payments". ", Main, Steven J. Consequently, following the death of Hitler in 1945 and the subsequent capitulation of the German Armed Forces, the national political, judicial, administrative, and constitutional instruments of both Nazi Germany and the Weimar Republic were understood as entirely defunct, such that a new West Germany could be established in a condition of constitutional nullity. Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly. HAMBURG, Germany — Back in the 1980s, a cousin on my father’s side gave me a memorable lesson in socialism. Under a 1973 law, the limits were increased to 1,000 DM plus 9,000 DM and 4,200 DM for additional family members. [148] The two Germanies relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally; which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations de jure in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the United Nations and the Helsinki Final Act. Also of great significance was the steady growth of a feminist movement in which women demonstrated for equal rights. Kiesinger's 1966–69 "Grand Coalition" was between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Erhard stepped down in 1966 and was succeeded by Kurt Georg Kiesinger. Brandt began a policy of rapprochement with West Germany's eastern neighbours, a policy opposed by the CDU. A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967, when the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, visited West Berlin. Instead, Brandt, dogged by scandal relating to alcohol and depression[152][153] as well as the economic fallout of the 1973 oil crisis, almost seems simply to have had enough. [87], The Second Housing Allowance Law of December 1970 simplified the administration of housing allowances and extended entitlements, increased the income limit to 9,600 DM per year plus 2,400 DM for each family member, raised the general deduction on income to determine reckonable income from 15% to 20%, allowance rates listed in tables replacing complicated calculation procedure based on "bearable rent burdens". As a result, in 1979 the Greens were able to reach the 5% minimum required to obtain parliamentary seats in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen state election, and with the foundation of the national party in 1980 developed into one of the most politically successful green movements in the world. On 4–11 February 1945 leaders from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union held the Yalta Conference where future arrangements regarding post-war Europe and Allied strategy against Japan in the Pacific were negotiated. [20] A much needed school and college construction program was carried out,[20] together with the introduction of postgraduate support for highly qualified graduates, providing them with the opportunity to earn their doctorates or undertake research studies. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. However the affair is widely considered to have been merely a trigger for Brandt's resignation, not a fundamental cause. The conference agreed that post-war Germany, minus these transfers, would be divided into four occupation zones: a French Zone in the far west; a British Zone in the northwest; an American Zone in the south; and a Soviet Zone in the East. Following the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, both territories took action to achieve German reunification. [14] Further reforms in 1979 to parental rights law gave equal legal rights to the mother and the father, abolishing the legal authority of the father. European championships have been won too, in 1972, 1980 and 1996. The colloquial term West Germany or its equivalent was used in many languages. Amongst these amendments was the repeal of the very Article 23 in respect of which the GDR had nominally declared its postdated accession to the Federal Republic. [33] Participation in employer's health insurance was extended to four million employees. West German chancellor Helmut Kohl preferred this “fast track” to unification, outlined in Article 23 of the West German Basic Law, or constitution, because he feared that international circumstances might change and the chance for unification might be missed.
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